Table 1
Percentage Distribution of the World's Manufacturing Production,
1870 and 1913
(percentage of world total)
1870 | 1913 | |
| USA | 23.3 | 35.8 |
| Germany | 13.2 | 15.7 |
| U.K. | 31.8 | 14.0 |
| France | 10.3 | 6.4 |
| Russia | 3.7 | 5.5 |
| Italy | 2.4 | 2.7 |
| Canada | 1.0 | 2.3 |
| Belgium | 2.9 | 2.1 |
| Sweden | 0.4 | 1.0 |
| Japan | 1.2 | |
| India | 11.0 | 1.1 |
| Other Countries | 12.2 |
Table 2
The Rate of Industrial Growth in Five Selected Countries
Indices of Industrial Production
(Base Figures - 1905-13 = 100)
UK | France | Germany | Russia | Italy | |
| 1781-90 | 3.8 | 10.9 | - | - | - |
| 1801-14 | 7.1 | 12.3 | - | - | - |
| 1825-34 | 18.8 | 21.5 | - | - | - |
| 1845-54 | 27.5 | 33.7 | 11.7 | - | - |
| 1865-74 | 49.2 | 49.8 | 24.2 | 13.5 | 42.9 |
| 1885-94 | 70.5 | 68.2 | 45.3 | 38.7 | 54.6 |
| 1905-13 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| % of world industrial production in 1913 | 14.0 | 6.4 | 17.7 | 5.5 | 2.7 |
Table 3
Output of Coal and Lignite - Selected Countries, Annual Averages
(in million metric tonnes)
UK | France | Germany | Austria | Belgium | Russia | |
| 1820-4 | 17.7 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | - | - |
| 1840-4 | 34.2 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 0.52 | 4.1 | - |
| 1860-4 | 86.3 | 10.0 | 20.8 | 4.1 | 10.2 | 0.04 |
| 1880-4 | 158.9 | 20.2 | 65.7 | 17.0 | 17.5 | 3.7 |
| 1900-4 | 230.4 | 33.0 | 157.3 | 38.8 | 23.3 | 17.3 |
Table 4
Output of Pig Iron - Selected Countries, Annual Averages
(in thousand metric tons)
UK | France | Germany | Austria | Belgium | Russia | |
| 1781-90 | 69 | 141 | - | - | - | - |
| 1825-29 | 669 | 212 | 90 | 85 | - | 164 |
| 1855-59 | 3,583 | 900 | 422 | 306 | 312 | 254 |
| 1875-79 | 6,484 | 1,462 | 1,770 | 418 | 484 | 424 |
| 1900-14 | 8,778 | 2,665 | 7,925 | 1,425 | 1,070 | 2,773 |
Table 5
Growth of the Cotton Industry in Selected Countries
(Cotton Spindles - Selected Countries, Annual Total Figures [in 1000's])
UK | France | Germany | Austria | Belgium | Russia | |
| 1834 | 10,000 | 2,500 | 626(`36) | 800 | 200 | 700 (1840) |
| 1877 | 39,500 | 5,000 | 4,700 | 1,558 | 800 | 2,500 |
| 1913 | 55,700 | 7,400 | 11,186 | 4,909 | 1,492 | 9,212 |
Table 6
[See this data presented in a variety of ways - Table 6 Extra]
Spread of Railways in Ten Selected Countries
(Length of line open [in kilometers [1km = 5/8 mile])
1840 | 1860 | 1880 | 1900 | |
| Austria-Hungary | 144 | 4,543 | 18,507 | 36,330 |
| Belgium | 334 | 1,730 | 4,112 | 4,591 |
| France | 496 | 9,167 | 23,089 | 38,109 |
| Germany | 469 | 11,089 | 33,838 | 51,678 |
| Great Britain | 2,390 | 14,603 | 25,060 | 30,079 |
| Italy | 20 | 2,404 | 9,290 | 16,429 |
| Netherlands | 17 | 335 | 1,846 | 2,776 |
| Russia | 27 | 1,626 | 22,865 | 53,234 |
| Spain | - | 1,917 | 7,490 | 13,214 |
| Sweden | - | 527 | 5,876 | 11,303 |
Table 7
Illiteracy in Europe, c. 1850
(Approximate Percentage of Adult Illiterates is Indicated Where Known)
Countries with less than 30% illiterate | Countries with 30 to 50% illiterate | Countries with over 50% illiterate |
| Denmark | Austria 40-45% | Bulgaria |
| Germany | Belgium 45-50% | Greece |
| (Prussia 20%) | England 30-33% | Hungary |
| Netherlands | France 40-45% | Italy 75-80% |
| Scotland 20% | Portugal | |
| Sweden 10% | Rumania | |
| Switzerland | Russia 90-95% | |
| Serbia | ||
| Spain 75% |
Table 8
Population
(tentative estimates in millions - much of it guesswork)
| * | 1750/1 | 1800/1 | 1850/1 | 1990 |
| Great Britain | 7.4 | 10.5 | 20.8 | 57.1 |
| France | 21 | 27.3 | 35.8 | 56.1 |
| Germany | | 34.0 | 79.0 | ||
| |-[Germ+Aust] | 18 | 23 | ||
| Austria | | 17.5 | 7.6 | ||
| Hungary | 3.5 | 5.0 | 13.2 | 10.5 |
| Belgium | 2.2 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 9.9 |
| Italy | 16.0 | 19.0 | 24.4 | 57.6 |
| Netherlands | 1.6 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 14.9 |
| Portugal | 2.3 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 10.5 |
| Russia | 28 | 40.0 | 68.5 | 146.4 |
| Spain | 8.2 | 10.5 | 15.0 | 39.6 |
| Sweden | 1.8 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 8.4 |
| EUROPE (approx) | 132.0 | 190.0 | 260.0 | 775.0 |
Notes:
Austria and Hungary in the 19th century included many areas now independent. Modern Germany is somewhat smaller that Bismarckian Empire. 1990 figures for Russia are for the Russian Federation. To compare with the 19th century Ukraine's [52 Million] and Belorussia's [10.3 Million] figures must be taken into account.
Sources:
Table 1: League of Nations: Industrialization and World Trade (1945)
Tables 2-7: are based on the statistical appendices in the Fontana Economic History of Europe Vol 4, Part 2
Table 8: History Faculty at the University of Edinburgh 1978 [keep those undergraduate notes!]. 1990 figures from World Almanac 1992.
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